The beautiful country of India is famous for many unique things, such as Bollywood, the Taj Mahal, butter chicken, delicious Indian curry, and more. But did you know India is home to some of the most exotic and interesting Indian dog breeds?
As the second most populous country, it’s no surprise India is full of fascinating dog breeds – both native and foreign. In fact, India has over 30 million stray dogs! The vast and unique regions give us a prime breeding ground for exotic breeds to develop.
But unlike breeds from smaller countries, Indian dogs seem to vary much more in looks, personalities and special traits. That being said, here are the 21 wonderful dog breeds of India that you’ve never heard of, but really should.
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All Indian Dog Breeds
Most of the indigenous dog breeds in India are quickly heading towards extinction, due to a recent surge in demand for western dog breeds. This trend has led to the over-breeding of foreign dogs, but also the under-breeding of Indian dogs.
Although people and organizations in India are trying to revive the near-extinct native dogs, they are still considered rare to uncommon dog breeds today. Most of these Indian dog breeds will be difficult to find, even if you are in India.
All Indian dog breeds include the Indian Spitz, Gaddi Kutta, Bully Kutta, Mudhol Hound, Pariah dog, Kaikadi, Taji, Rajapalayam, Pandikona, Jonangi, Bakharwal, Tangkhul, Kombai, Rampur Greyhound, Chippiparai, Vikhan Sheepdog, Mahratta, Sinhala Hound, Kumaon Mastiff, Gull Dong and the Gull Terrier.
1. Gull Terrier
Highlights: Cautious, Protective, Loyal
The Gull Terrier, also called the Gull Terr, is an ancient terrier-type first developed in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. According to historians, their ancestors consist of the British Bull Terriers, as evident by the eerily similar physical qualities.
The origins of the Gull Terrier can be traced back to the British Raj era in India. Upon the arrival of the British, a group of foreign dogs were introduced into the country, including the Bull Terrier. Needless to say, the Bull Terrier skyrocketed in popularity.
From there, Bull Terriers were crossbred with native landrace breeds, thus developing the Gull Terriers that we know today. However, the Gull Terrier didn’t stop there. They were further bred with other native breeds to create even more unique Indian dog breeds.
- Gull Terriers were originally used for bull-baiting and dog fights, both of which, are blood sports introduced by the British.
- The aggressiveness of the Gull Terrier has led them to be banned in many parts of Europe, in addition to the United States.
- Believed to be an ancient Indian dog, the Gull Terrier origins can be traced back hundreds of years in India.
Gull Terrier Temperament
The Gull Terrier was primarily used as a guard dog. For this reason, they were often aloof with strangers, but also vigilant in nature. Their aggressive nature and prey drive made them excel at protecting owners and their homes, though they require substantial socialization.
In the home, Gull Terriers are fiercely loyal. In fact, it’s often said that they’re willing to give up their lives in order to protect their family. And while they may not be trusted with children, they will devote themselves to kids of the pack if they sense a threat.
2. Gull Dong
Highlights: Loyal, Powerful, Strong-willed
The Gull Dong is a rare dog breed to originate from India, though some historians claim they actually came from Pakistan. Throughout the years, this breed has gone by several names, such as the Indian Bulldog and the Bully Gull Terr. However, Gull Dong seems to be what stuck.
These dogs were developed by crossbreeding the Gull Terrier with the native Bully Kutta. The bully side gave them a certain toughness that made them attractive fighting dogs in the past – just like with the Bully Kutta. And in some cases, they still participate in illegal dog fights.
Physically, the Gull Dongs are very similar to the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. They have the short snout and the small ears that have become “signature traits” seen in bulldog type breeds. Plus, Gull Dongs will often sport a short and smooth coat as well.
- Gull Dongs were so popular in New York City that they have been effectively banned by the New York Housing Authority.
- It is believed that the Gull Dongs are the direct descendants of the Indian Bully Kutta and Gull Terrier.
- Due to their aggressive personalities, Gull Dongs have been banned from the Cayman Islands – in addition to neighboring islands.
Gull Dong Temperament
The Gull Dong is not your typical Indian dog breed. In fact, they’re not suited for most families due to their dominant personalities. Without the proper training and socializing, they tend to develop aggressive tendencies despite their loyal nature.
As a result, novice trainers and owners are not recommended to raise this Indian bulldog. Training can also be very difficult, considering their independent and strong-willed nature. These dogs need a dominant alpha. And with their powerful frame, obedience is essential for co-existing.
3. Kumaon Mastiff
Highlights: Brave, Proud, Protective
Also known as the Cypro Kukor, the Kumaon Mastiff is a fierce molosser-type dog originally from the Uttarakhand state of India. Sturdy and strong, they’re some of India’s most prized guardians of the home. However, they’re not an easy dog breed to find.
The original purpose of the Kumaon Mastiff was to guard and protect livestock for the hill-side people of Kumaon. However, like so many Indian dog breeds, the Kumaon Mastiff is in danger of extinction due to their difficulty with obedience training and socializing.
These Mastiffs sport a short and soft coat, typically in brindle or various shades of brown. They can grow up to 28 inches tall (at the shoulder) and weigh well over 100 pounds. Plus, they have an eerie resemblance to the old and more-aggressive Great Danes.
- It’s estimated that only a few hundred of these dogs still exist today.
- There may be more of these dogs in Italy or Finland, where they were introduced to in the late 19th century.
- Some researchers believe that they didn’t actually originate from India’s Kumaon region, but ended up settling there after migrating.
Kumaon Mastiff Temperament
As fierce and powerful as they are, the Kumaon Mastiffs are some of the best guard dogs to come out of India. As such, they’re prized fighters that few can handle. They’re known to be aggressive dogs, which just means they will require a lot of obedience and socialization training.
Kumaon Mastiffs have great protective instincts. In fact, some say they’re a little over-protective, which explains why they were formidable guard dogs in the past. Unfortunately, there is not much information on these dogs in a family environment.
4. Sinhala Hound
Highlights: Energetic, Alert, Loyal
The Sinhala Hound is a dog breed that originated from Sri Lanka and several regions of India. The early history of these dogs are unknown, and the exact location of where they came from is still being debated today. Still, many point to India as the origin for various reasons.
For example, we do know Sinhalas are very similar to the Indian Pariah Dog. As a result, scientists have speculated that Sinhalas may have been derived from India’s landrace breed. Of course, there’s still no conclusive evidence that proves this.
Though they may look like Indian Pariah Dogs, they actually have very different skillsets and temperaments. As a matter of fact, it’s believed that the Vedda people (a Sri Lankan indigenous group) used them primarily for their hunting trips.
- They were considered so special that Sinhala Hounds were popular wedding gifts among the Vedda people.
- The Vedda people were hunters. Furthermore, these hounds were so important that they were viewed as important as the bow and arrow.
- There’s a chance that these dogs originated from Indian Pariah Dogs. Though, no one is certain.
Sinhala Hound Temperament
Sinhala Hounds were fierce and feared huntings that needed a lot of energy to keep up on hunting trips with their indigenous tribes. They have the stamina and endurance that’s able to match similar hunting hounds.
But because they were hunting dogs, we speculate that they were faithful companion dogs with a strong work ethic. We doubt the Vedda people wouldn’t have bred them for hunting if they weren’t.
5. Mahratta Greyhound
Highlights: Courageous, Agile, Loyal
Mahratta Greyhounds are one of the rarest Indian dog breeds, even in their native country. In fact, it’s rare to see these dogs outside their native province of Maharashtra (western India), where most of them reside today.
They’re often compared to the smooth-coated Saluki dog. However, Mahratta Greyhounds are slightly smaller, standing around 21 inches tall. As with most sighthounds, the Mahrattas are durable with a muscular frame and lean chest.
Though the coat is short, it’s enough to protect the dog against the rough elements of the Indian terrain. The legs are thin, but surprisingly powerful, giving them the speed and agility they need to chase down game. Needless to say, they were fantastic hunters.
- The origins of these hounds are unknown. Some speculate they descended from Salukis, while others believe they’re descendants of local Indian sighthounds.
- To this day, the Mahratta Greyhound is not recognized by any of the major kennel clubs.
- These dogs are some of the oldest dogs from India. It’s estimated that they’re over 5,000 years old.
Mahratta Greyhound Temperament
Mahratta Greyhounds are brave and courageous dogs bred for hunting. Thanks to their superb eyesight, they’re able to spot wild game from a far distance. But unlike the other sighthounds that may be more versatile, Mahratta dogs are used solely for hunting.
These dogs weren’t bred for companionship – not at all. For this reason, there is very little information on the temperaments and personalities of these hounds in a family setting. Even so, we do know they are faithful and loyal hunting companions.
6. Vikhan Sheepdog
Highlights: Fearless, Intelligent, Loyal
The Vikhan Sheepdog is an Indian breed that very few locals have ever heard of. They originated from the Himachal Pradesh region of northern India. But despite their origins, Vikhans can be found in bordering regions of Pakistan as well.
Like with most sheepdogs, the Vikhan was primarily bred to guard livestock. But it’s their fearless and courageous nature that makes them excellent leopard hunters. It’s why the Vikhans had developed into versatile working and hunting dogs.
Unfortunately, we don’t have too much information of these dogs because they are, in fact, rare Indian dogs. No one knows how far away they are from extinction because few have even heard of them. Even fewer are making efforts for preservation.
- The Vikhan Sheepdog is known for amazing speed and agility. They could run as fast as a leopard in full sprint.
- Their name came from the ancient language “Vikh,” which is spoken in the area these dogs originated from.
- They’ve been called “Giant Rough Collies” because of their lavish coats, which were used as wool substitutes in Pakistan.
Vikhan Sheepdog Temperament
These dogs are known for their fierce personalities. It’s why they’ve made such excellent hunting companions. Vikhans love to work and can withstand long hunting trips with their incredible stamina. In addition, they’re quick learners!
However, these sheepdogs tend to be very territorial and often times, possessive. All of which, are traits that make them top guard and watchdogs. But don’t go out bringing one home yet. You’ll need to provide a lot of socialization and obedience training early on with these dogs.
7. Chippiparai
Highlights: Energetic, Loving, Dignified
The Chippiparai dog is perhaps the most famous and popular dog breed to originate from India. They’re the dog breed most people imagine of when they think, “Indian dog.” Though, there are plenty of reasons why this is.
This dog was bred in Chippiparai (near Madurai district Tamil Nadu) to hunt small game, such as rabbit and pigs. And in some cases, they could take down game as large as deer. Once highly-prized dogs, their purpose suddenly vanished after the Indian government banned hunting.
From there, their primary roles shifted to racing dogs. And at one point, they were dog companions in the most elite class of India. The Chippiparai is now seen as a symbol of royalty and dignity. For example, they’re what the Akita Inu is to the Japanese.
- The Chippiparai is also called the “Maiden’s Beastmaster” because they’re often gifted to newlywed brides as a ferocious guardian and companion.
- Depending on their coat color, this dog is also referred to as “Kanni,” which means “pure” and describes their purity of heart and devotion.
- These dogs were considered highly valuable and only kept by the elite class.
Chippiparai Temperament
These dogs are extremely easy animals to care for. Most owners claim that they need little veterinary care because they’re naturally strong and robust animals. This does not mean they don’t need their proper puppy vaccinations if domesticated.
The Chippiparai makes excellent hunting and watch dogs because they’re alert and full of energy, especially as young puppies. And although they get along with people, they hate isolation and demand a lot of attention and exercise. They’re excellent dogs for those with free time.
READ MORE: Chippiparai – Indian Hunting Royalty
8. Rampur Greyhound
Highlights: Devoted, Protective, Loving
The Rampur Hound is a dying breed of dog originating from the West Bengal area of India. Despite this, they’re some of the most iconic dogs to come out of India. And while they are rare, they can still be found in the northern regions of India.
There was a time when these dogs were popular, especially among the royal families of India. Historians say they were the dog-of-choice for the princes of India (or maharajas). However, their popularity have taken a significant hit with the introduction of foreign breeds.
Rampurs had served many roles in the past. For example, they were used for jackal control at one point. The locals say a single Rampur is able to take down a jackal with no fear. And when in packs, they also hunt deadly large game, such as tigers, leopards, panthers and even lions.
- At one point, these dogs were the dog of choice among the Maharaja rulers of India.
- The Rampur Greyhound has an astounding 270 degree field of vision.
- A single Rampur can take down a golden jackal, which were a problem among villages in India.
Rampur Temperament
Rampurs are affectionate dogs with unwavering loyalty towards the owner. They simply love human attentions and companionship. Plus, they’re always eager to please. But because of their high energy levels, the Rampur Hound can be a little scary when playing with each other.
They have the habit of playing rough, especially with other dogs. They will charge at each other with great speed and force in a game of chicken. To the outsider, this may be disturbing. However, if you know these dogs, you’ll know it’s just how they play.
Despite their rough play, they generally play well with kids and have natural protective instincts if well-trained. And although Rampurs do better as a one-person dog, they can also thrive in a family environment too.
READ MORE: Rampur Hound – Dog Breed Profile
9. Kombai
Highlights: Intelligent, Brave, Alert
The Kombai is an Indian dog found in the Tamil Nadu region of India. They were bred for hunting boar, deer and bison. And because they’re a breed that most resemble the dogs from the terrier group, they’re aptly called the “Indian Terrier.”
This ancient dog breed can be traced back to the 15th century, though there is evidence that suggests they’ve been around as early as the 9th century. They were historically used by the military and played a big role in the Marudhu brothers’ revolt against the British.
Fortunately, breeders and kennel groups in India have made an effort to repopulate the country with this beloved breed. And it’s working! Kombais are still popular in regions of South India and are most commonly used as family or hunting dogs.
- The Maravar kings of India used to breed Kombai dogs as royal guard dogs.
- A pack of Kombai dogs were fierce enough to take down a bear or lion, or at least die trying.
- Some people believe that they were derived from various sighthounds, originating from Central Asia.
Kombai Temperament
Like with most terriers, the Kombai (Indian Terrier) is an extremely smart dog breed. They’re the gold standard for Indian guard dogs thanks to their aggressiveness and aloofness towards strangers on their property.
But with family, they’re a completely different dog. Kombai dogs are as loyal as they come. It’s likely why these dogs were once used to guard people’s cattle from the devastating attacks of leopards and tigers.
The Kombai is an alert and vigilant dog. But even so, they have a laid-back approach which can make them seem lazy at times. But because of their good-nature temperaments, the Kombai makes a great family dog, even for those with children.
READ MORE: Kombai – Bull Terriers of Tamil Nadu
10. Tangkhul Hui
Highlights: Free-spirited, Devoted, Alert
The Tangkhul Hui, sometimes referred to as the Awang Huijao, was bred as a hunting dog capable of taking down vicious boar and other animals in the lush jungles of India. However, they’re mainly found in the Manipur state, within the Urkhul district.
These dogs are an extremely rare dog breed, but can still be found in their original region. Historians speculate that the Tangkhul Hui descended from Myanmar dogs centuries ago. However, Indian mythology says they evolved from Asiatic black bears.
The eerie resemblance of the muzzles between the two animals is probably responsible for this Indian folklore. And while the Tangkhul Hui is an endangered species, several villages and enthusiasts in the Urkhul district are joining forces to repopulate this breed.
- In terms of physical appearance, the Tangkhul Hui is said to vary a lot due to constant cross-breeding with western dog breeds.
- Local legend says these dogs were bred from the native black bears of Asian countries.
- Some historians believe they are “ancient dogs,” with a lineage of hundreds of years. However, poorly kept records of these dogs have not been able to confirm this.
Tangkhul Hui Temperament
The Tangkhul Hui is a very quick learner with exceptionally high obedience and working intelligence. What’s more, they’re free-spirited dogs with an easy-going personality. They are people-oriented dogs who will always greet family and friends at the door.
It’s a different story with strangers, as they can be aloof and cautious. Tangkhul Huis will be obedient to handlers, which is crucial for guard dogs. There’s a reason why they’re some of the best guard dogs that India has to offer.
READ MORE: Tangkhul Hui – Hunter on the Brink
11. Bakharwal Dog
Highlights: Brave, Independent, Alert
These massive dogs of India have many other nicknames: the Kashmir Sheepdog, Kashmir Mastiff, Gujjar Watchdog and more. But, we’ll just call them Bakharwal Dogs. These dogs are no joke. They’re muscular dogs with great heft and maneuverability.
The Barkharwal is a working dog, developed by the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state. While their main purpose was to guard and protect livestock, they’re actually very versatile dogs that helped with all types of village work.
Indian folklore suggests the ancient Barkharwal descended from a cross between a wolf and a Molosser sheepdog hundreds of years ago. But unfortunately, the Bakharwal dog is currently on the brink of extinction today.
- Some locals believe that the Bakharwal dogs have been crossbred with wild wolves in India.
- The Bakharwal dogs were used as guardians by nomadic tribes traveling in the Himalayan region.
- A Bakharwal can only produce 1 to 3 puppies per year, which is a big reason why they’re on the brink of extinction.
Bakharwal Temperament
Being bred in the Himalayan region, these dogs have a fluffy coat and are well-adapted to harsh cold climates. The Bakharwals are all about loyalty to their family. However, they don’t usually play well with other pets, especially if they’re not from the same pack.
These dogs do much better as a guardian in a single-dog home. They’re energetic, alert, brave but also stubborn and independent. All of which, are the temperament qualities commonly found in outstanding guard dogs.
The worst thing you can do for your Bakharwal is to keep them confined in a small space. After all, they are active working dogs that prefer intense physical activities. That said, a large backyard is recommended so they have the freedom to roam.
READ MORE: Bakharwal Dog – Fierce and Fluffy
12. Jonangi
Highlights: Spunky, Vigilant, Devoted
The Jonangi dog is a hypoallergenic dog breed found in the Andhra Predesh state of India. And unlike the other Indian dogs, they were bred to herd ducks for local farmers in addition to hunting other game. What an interesting combination, right?
However, the popularity of the Jonangi didn’t last long. Eventually, farmers around Kolleru Lake began to slowly move away from hunting ducks to other, more profitable aquatic animals. Because of this, the once in-demand Jonangi was no longer needed.
They were abandoned by farmers and left to fend for themselves in the wild. The sad reality is that these dogs had to develop effective fishing techniques in order to survive. Eventually, they became pests to the local fish farmers, which led to a killing-spree.
- The Jonangi dog doesn’t bark, they yodel instead.
- These dogs love to dig holes and often prefer sleeping in a hole instead of their dog bed.
- In the past, the Jonangi’s specialty was in herding ducks and other various birds.
Jonangi Temperament
Jonangi dogs tend to develop strong bonds with their handler. They’re best as a one-man or one-family dog and don’t usually don’t get along with other dogs unless socialized early on. Even then, it may be a difficult task and will require a lot of socializing.
These dogs are quick and agile, capable of easily chasing down game once they get into their sprint with long strides. Being duck herding dogs, they’re highly capable swimmers that love to get a workout in the water.
Oddly enough, Jonangi dogs have the quirky habit of digging large ditches. And no -it’s not like they hide bones there. Rather, it’s a way to release pent-up energy. So when they’re not working, expect to find them relaxing in a ditch they just dug.
READ MORE: Jonangi – Indian Duck Herder
13. Pandikona
Highlights: Confident, Bold, Protective
The Pandikona dog is aptly named after the location they originate from – Pandikona, near Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. Pandikonas were bred to be hunting dogs that thrived in harsh heat where temperatures easily reach over 110 degrees!
For the most part, they hunt small game such as boar, rabbit and hare. However, they’re infamous for killing pesty snakes, rodents and other vermin around the village. With this habit, villages are more than happy to keep them around.
Because of their strong territorial instincts, the Pandikona is often used as guard dogs if domesticated. They protect property, livestock and guard entire villages. If you stumble on a Pandikona, he’ll likely give you brief warnings before swiftly attacking.
- Packs of Pandikona dogs will form a hierarchical system with highly intelligent communication.
- The Pandikona dog is still considered a “primitive dog breed.” In other words, they developed their characteristics without any help from humans.
- They were nicknamed the “Indian Doberman” by the British when they occupied India in the 1800’s.
Pandikona Temperament
This dog breed has all the qualities that make up a superb hunting dog. Confident, bold with territorial instincts, the Pandikonas will show these qualities even as puppies. They’re loyal to their family and will play nice with kids of the family, though still needing socialization.
The biggest concern may be their territorial instincts, as they tend to fight other dogs and animals that get close by. Pandikonas are better off in an environment where there is only one dog. And don’t even think about bringing home a cat. The prey-drive will kick in.
READ MORE: Pandikona – The Indian Doberman
14. Rajapalayam
Highlights: Affectionate, Loyal, Fearless
Sometimes referred to as the Poligar Hound, the Rajapalayam is a sight hound originating from the southern region of India. These Indian dogs were developed by the Chola dynasty as multi-purpose working and guard dogs.
In the past, Rajapalayam dogs were companion dogs for only the royalty and aristocrats of the Rajapalayam town in Tamil Nadu. Needless to say, this breed is an icon in India, having been featured on postage stamps issued by the India Post.
In addition, Rajapalayams were bred as war dogs during the Carnatic Wars and Polygar War against the British soldiers. However, the Rajapalayam are still being used by the Indian army – often situated on the borders of Kashmir.
- Local folklore claims that 4 Rajapalayam dogs once killed a tiger defending their master.
- Some researchers believe that the Dalmatian dog breed may have descended from the Rajapalayam.
- In the mid-2000’s, the Indian Post started printing the Rajapalayam dogs on stamps. The purpose was to raise awareness of this prized Indian dog breed.
Rajapalayam Temperament
Rajapalayam dogs are affectionate and highly devoted to their owners. That said, they operate better as a single-owner dogs and unlike many breeds, don’t enjoy being pet or handled by unfamiliar people.
They dislike it so much that they tend to show aggressive and hostile tendencies toward strangers. Fair warning: don’t try to touch one without getting to know him or her first!
This means that its highly important to socialize a Rajapalayam early on – with both humans and other dogs. And for cat lovers, Rajapalayams naturally don’t get along with cats and their prey instincts could make them hunt the small feline.
READ MORE: Rajapalayam – Rare Aristocratic Indian Dog
15. Taji (Tazi)
Highlights: Playful, Alert, Courageous
The Taji, also referred to as the Tazi, is a dog breed originating from India. They were bred to be hunting dogs capable of taking down fox, gazelle, wildcat and marmot. With so few dogs left, there isn’t much information regarding the Taji.
However, we know they are near-extinct and it’s extremely difficult to find a purebred Taji anywhere in India. The closest resembling breed is the Russian Taji (tazi) dog. However, the Russian counterpart tend to be bigger with more fur on the coat.
- It is extremely difficult to find a pure Taji in India. They’re believed to go extinct very soon.
- Most of the living Taji dogs are now found in Russia, despite originating from India.
- These dogs are skilled hunters capable of taking down animals as big as antelopes.
Taji Temperament
According to the few known owners, Taji dogs are usually very playful with high energy. There’s few things they enjoy more than running with their owners. Taji dogs are alert and confident, which is why they excelled in hunting.
Because of their love for the family, the Taji is naturally a very loyal dog. Despite hunting instincts, they’re very eager to please if a strong bond is developed. But outside of these few details, not much is known about the Taji.
16. Kaikadi
Highlights: Lively, Diligent, Independent
The Kaikadi dog is from the terrier dog group and were named after the Kaikadi tribe in Maharashtra, India. Originally bred as herding dogs, they’ve been used as hunting dogs as well. Kaikadi dogs hunt mainly hare, fox, rodent and other vermin.
They’re known for their distinct features, such as thin long legs and a tapering long tail. What’s more, head is long and thin, while the ears are long and pointy. Because of the short hair, the Kaikadi dog breed requires very little grooming and maintenance.
- Despite their looks, these dogs are believed (by many researchers) to be from the Terrier Group.
- The Kaikadi dogs lived nomadic lives, often traveling with tribes and watching over herds.
- These dogs usually come in black, tan or black coats. Sometimes, they’ll have a combination of colors.
Kaikadi Temperament
The Kaikadi is a terrier, meaning they are generally energetic and lively. Like the other terriers, the Kaikadi is bold and courageous. However, they aren’t suitable for an urban environment, but rather in large open spaces, like farms.
They make excellent companion dogs but usually don’t play well with other dogs. It’s still possible to keep them civil, but socializing of the Kaikadi will be crucial as a puppy. If you have the energy to match a Kaikadi, then they will be great dogs.
17. Indian Pariah Dog
Highlights: Watchful, Sociable, Protective